Romania joins with effect of 1 September 2024

Notice from the European Patent Office dated 5 June 2024 concerning Romania's ratification of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court and the possibility of requesting a delay in the registration of unitary effect (OJ EPO 2024, A61) indicates that 

"Regulations (EU) No 1257/20121 and (EU) No 1260/2012 establishing the Unitary Patent system have applied since 1 June 2023, the date of entry into force of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (UPCA). These regulations implement an enhanced cooperation at European Union level which provides for Unitary Patent protection between the 25 participating EU Member States. Romania is among the EU Member States participating in the enhanced cooperation. Pursuant to Article 18(2) Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012 a European patent has unitary effect only in those participating Member States in which the Unified Patent Court has exclusive jurisdiction with regard to European patents with unitary effect at the date of registration of unitary effect. Consequently, unitary effect will apply to Romania only from the date on which the ratification of the UPCA will take effect in Romania."

"the Government of Romania (RO) deposited its instrument of ratification of the UPCA with the Council of the European Union. The ratification will take effect on the first day of the fourth month after the deposit of the instrument of ratification, i.e. on 1 September 2024 (Article 89(2) UPCA)."

The "first Unitary Patent generation" covered 17 states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, and Sweden. 

Per 1 September 2024, the Unitary Patent system will comprise the above-mentioned states, as well as Romania, so that it will cover will 18 Member States ("second Unitary Patent generation").

The notice indicates that "The territorial coverage of a given generation of Unitary Patents stays the same for their entire lifetime, irrespective of any subsequent ratifications of the UPCA after the date of registration of unitary effect. Thus, there will be no extension of the territorial coverage of Unitary Patents to other Member States that ratify the UPCA after the registration of unitary effect by the EPO."

The Notice further provides that:

"4. Delay of registration of unitary effect

In order to allow users to benefit from the territorial scope of the second Unitary Patent generation covering Romania, the EPO will accept requests for a delay of the registration of unitary effect as of the date of the present notice. To benefit from the additional service, proprietors will need to expressly request the delay together with their request for unitary effect either in the annotation field of EPO Form 7000 (OLF or OLF2.0) or under separate cover.

If the requirements for the registration of unitary effect as provided for in the Rules relating to Unitary Patent Protection (UPR) are met, the EPO will postpone the registration of unitary effect, i.e. it will register unitary effect on or shortly after the date on which Romania's ratification of the UPCA has taken effect and communicate the date of this registration to the requester. It is reminded that the request for unitary effect must be filed with the EPO no later than one month after publication of the mention of grant of the European patent in the European Patent Bulletin (Rule 6(1) UPR).

The possibility to request a delay of the registration of unitary effect is only available until the date on which Romania's ratification of the UPCA has taken effect."


Germany has ratified: the UPC -and the Unitary patent- kicks off per 1 June 2023!

The website of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) indicates, in a News message dated 17 February 2023, that:

Last week, on 17 February 2023, Germany has ratified the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court.

Germany’s ratification launches the countdown as set under Article 89 of the UPC Agreement according to which the Agreement will enter into force on 1 June 2023.

The Agreement’s entry into force on 1 June 2023 will launch the Unified Patent Court as well as the Unitary Patent (European patent with unitary effect).

Also refer to the news message on the EPO website, "The Unitary Patent is to become a reality".

Adjustment of the timeline: Start of the Sunrise Period on 1 March 2023 – Starting date of transitional measures of EPO remains 1 January 2023

Figure from EPO News message"Unitary Patent: Forms for requesting transitional measures now available" dd 19 December 2022
https://www.epo.org/news-events/news/2022/20221219a.html

The UPC website indicates that the start of the Sunrise Period is postponed for two months. The initial roadmap foresaw 1 January 2023 as the beginning of the Sunrise Period with an entry into force of the UPCA on 1 April 2023. The additional time is intended to allow future users to prepare themselves for the strong authentication which will be required to access the Case Management System (CMS) and to sign documents. As a consequence, the entry into force of the UPCA is now planned to be on 1 June 2023.

In a further message, the starting date of transitional measures of EPO was indicated to remain 1 January 2023. 

Also, Official forms relating to the early uptake of the Unitary Patent are now available on the EPO website.

Entry into force of the UPC Agreement is currently planned for 1 April 2023,

 The latest news message on the UPC website indicates (cited without changes):

Latest state of play in view of the launch of the Unified Patent Court

The UPC Preparatory team is excited to share the implementation roadmap attached. This roadmap depicts all the key activities and milestones of the UPC in the coming months.

The entry into force of the UPC Agreement is currently planned for 1 April 2023, with the Court opening its doors and starting to receive cases as from that date.

The UPC Preparatory team is excited to share the implementation roadmap below. This roadmap depicts all the key activities and milestones of the UPC in the coming months.

The entry into force of the UPC Agreement is currently planned for 1 April 2023, with the Court opening its doors and starting to receive cases as from that date.

Please note that this roadmap reflect the current state of the UPC project and therefore, might be subject to change. Any such changes, impacting key deliverables and milestones will be communicated.



The implementation roadmap provides the global milestones:
  • MS call for contribution (PAP)- tbc: call for contribution request to UPC Member States for the Provisional Application Phase (PAP) if needed;
  • Germany ratification: the deposit of the UPCA ratification instrument by Germany will trigger the Sunrise period (first day of the following month) and the entry into force of the UPCA (3 months after the start of the Sunrise period); 
  • Start of the Sunrise: the date of the start of the Sunrise period is expected to be January 1, 2023;
  • FAP budget approval & call for contribution: first accounting period (FAP) budget approval by the Budget Committee and subsequent call for contribution to UPC Member States;
  • [Expected] Entry into force of the UPCA: entry into force of the UPCA and the opening of the Court from 1 April 2023.
Refer to the  implementation roadmap for more details on:
  • Recruitment activities
  • Case Management System activities and milestones




Start of operations of the Court expected in early 2023

According to a News message dated 14 July 2022 on the website of the Unified Patent Court, "the timing of the start of operations of the Court can reasonably be expected to occur in early 2023".

The message is cited in full below (no changes made, except for highlighting):

"The Administrative Committee takes significant steps towards the setting up of the Unified Patent Court

14 July 2022

On 8 July 2022, the Administrative Committee of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) held its second meeting, which took place largely onsite in Luxembourg with the participation of all Contracting Member States and observers. In addition to those observers already admitted in the context of the Administrative Committee’s inaugural meeting on 22 February 2022, a number of observer organisations have now also been admitted pursuant Article 5(7) of the Committee’s Rules of Procedure, namely: epi, EPLAW, EPLIT and BusinessEurope.

As a follow-up to the oral requests of the Contracting Member States during the Administrative Committee’s inaugural meeting, the Committee confirmed the setting-up of local and regional divisions of the Court of First Instance. These divisions will be located in Austria (Vienna), Belgium (Brussels), Demark (Copenhagen), Finland (Helsinki), France (Paris), Germany (Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Mannheim, Munich), Italy (Milan), the Netherlands (The Hague), Slovenia (Ljubljana) and Portugal (Lisbon). The regional Nordic-Baltic division will be mainly located in Sweden (Stockholm). As to the UPC’s Patent Mediation and Arbitration centre, the Committee adopted the Organisational Rules of this Centre, to be set up with seats in Ljubljana and Lisbon.

As to the legal framework of the Court, a major step was taken by the Committee towards ensuring the efficient functioning of the UPC by adopting the Court’s Rules of Procedure and its Table of Fees. Both will enter into force on 1 September 2022. In addition, in the framework of the operational activities of the UPC, the Committee adopted the UPC’s Rules on duty travel, which include incentives for low-carbon emission modes of transport.

From an HR perspective, the Committee also paved the way towards a future recruitment of staff and officials of the Court, by adopting its Medical and social security plan, the Pension scheme and the Internal tax of the UPC.

Last but not least, in accordance with Article 14 of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, the Chair of the Advisory Committee presented to the Administrative Committee the recommended list of the most suitable candidates to be appointed as judges of the Unified Patent Court. This list is expected to be adopted any time soon before the summer break, following the conclusion of a written procedure.

Thanks to these key decisions taken by the Administrative Committee on 8 July 2022, the timing of the start of operations of the Court can reasonably be expected to occur in early 2023.

Please note that all non-confidential adopted documents will be made available this week on the Website of the Court [note from the blog editor: they are available here]. As to a consolidated version of the Rules of Procedure, following legal scrubbing, they will be published during the course of the summer, before their entry into force on 1 September 2022."

Also refer to an earlier News message dd 6 April 2022, "The Provisional Application Phase and the UPC’s expected timeline'' and the News message dd 19 January 2022, "Austria closes the loop – the Protocol on Provisional Application of the UPC Agreement has entered into force"

Surprise (?): German government continues its support for the Unitary Patent system

The German government announced that it continues its support for the introduction of the Unitary Patent system in Europe.

On 26 March 202, the German Federal Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection issued the following statement (see here for original):

PRESSEMITTEILUNG | 26. MÄRZ 2020
Europäische Patentreform soll fortgesetzt werden

Das Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz hält auch nach der Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 20. März 2020 an der Europäischen Patentreform fest.
Mit dem Ãœbereinkommen über ein Einheitliches Patentgericht (EPGÃœ) soll ein für alle Vertragsstaaten zuständiges Einheitliches Patentgericht geschaffen werden, das für Rechtstreitigkeiten über europäische Patente nach dem Europäischen Patentübereinkommen sowie dem zukünftigen EU-Einheitspatent zuständig ist.
Die Bundesministerin der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz Christine Lambrecht erklärte dazu:
„Ich werde mich auch weiterhin dafür einsetzen, dass wir der europäischen innovativen Industrie ein einheitliches europäisches Patent mit einem europäischen Patentgericht zur Verfügung stellen können. Die Bundesregierung wird die Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts sorgfältig auswerten und Möglichkeiten prüfen, um den festgestellten Formmangel noch in dieser Legislaturperiode zu beheben.“
Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat am 20. März 2020 entschieden, dass das Zustimmungsgesetz zum Übereinkommen über ein Einheitliches Patentgericht aus dem Jahr 2013 nicht verfassungsgemäß und daher nichtig ist (Entscheidung im Verfahren 2 BvR 739/17). Damit kann Deutschland das Übereinkommen derzeit nicht ratifizieren. Das Übereinkommen ist bislang von 16 Vertragsstaaten gebilligt worden.
Für das Zustimmungsgesetz wäre nach Auffassung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts eine verfassungsändernde Mehrheit erforderlich gewesen. Die vorgesehene Übertragung von Hoheitsrechten an eine internationale Einrichtung gehe über die vorhandenen Ermächtigungen hinaus. Die Übertragung würde daher ihrem Inhalt nach zu einer Änderung der Verfassung führen. Das angegriffene Zustimmungsgesetz war einstimmig im Bundestag von den in der Sitzung anwesenden Abgeordneten beschlossen worden, jedoch nicht mit der nach Auffassung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts für das Gesetz notwendigen Zweidrittelmehrheit aller Mitglieder des Bundestages.
Das Einheitliche Patentgericht soll künftig in einem einheitlichen Verfahren mit EU-weiter Wirkung über die Verletzung und Gültigkeit von Patenten nach dem Europäischen Patentübereinkommen sowie dem zukünftigen EU-Einheitspatent entscheiden. In Deutschland sollen an den Standorten Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Mannheim und München jeweils erstinstanzliche Kammern des Gerichts eingerichtet werden. Das Berufungsgericht soll seinen Sitz in Luxemburg haben.




The EPO President Campinos reacted to this statement with a news message on the EPO website “Now is the time to make the UPP a reality”, posted on 27 March 2020, reading:

EPO President Campinos: “Now is the time to make the UPP a reality”

27 March 2020
The European Patent Office (EPO) strongly welcomes the announcement of the German government to continue its support for the introduction of the Unitary Patent system in Europe.
In a statement made yesterday on the country's ratification of the Unified Patent Court (UPC) Agreement, German Minister of Justice and Consumer Protection Christine Lambrecht expressed her intention to "carefully evaluate the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court and examine possibilities to remedy the identified lack of form still in the current legislative period."
Commentating on the statement, EPO President António Campinos said, "IP-intensive industries contribute 45% of GDP in the EU annually and 39% of all jobs. But sadly, we know that employment and growth are predicted to suffer badly In the aftermath of the Coronavirus. So it's important that now, more than ever before, measures are taken to support our industries. And we know that the UP and UPC can indeed provide that support, with reduced costs, simplified administration and greater legal certainty.
He added "The statement by the German government makes it clear that approval of the UPC Agreement with the required parliamentary majority is still possible. So it is time to act. It is time to make the long-awaited UPP a reality, for the good of our innovation sector, for the good of our businesses and industries, and for the good of our economy."

Further information





Bundesverfassungsgericht: Act of Approval to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court is void

The German Bundesverfassungsgericht ruled that the Act of Approval to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court is void.

The press release can be found here, and is cited in full below with some emphasis added:


Act of Approval to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court is void

Press Release No. 20/2020 of 20 March 2020
Order of 13 February 2020
2 BvR 739/17
The Act of Approval to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court (“the Act of Approval”) to confer sovereign powers on the Unified Patent Court is void. In its outcome, it amends the Constitution in substantive terms, though it has not been approved by the Bundestag with the required two-thirds majority. This is what the Second Senate of the Federal Constitutional Court decided on a constitutional complaint in an order published today. In its reasoning, the Senate stated that, in order to safeguard their right to influence the process of European integration by democratic means, this, in principle, also entails the right of citizens that sovereign powers be conferred only in the ways provided for by the Basic Law. An act of approval to an international treaty that has been adopted in violation thereof cannot provide democratic legitimation for the exercise of public authority by the EU or any other international institution supplementary to or otherwise closely tied to the EU.
Facts of the case:
The purpose of the Act of Approval is to establish the preconditions for the ratification of the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 19 February 2013 (“the Agreement”). As an international treaty, the Agreement is part of a regulatory package on patents at the core of which lies the introduction of a European patent with unitary effect at EU level by way of enhanced cooperation. The “European patent with unitary effect” provides unitary protection in all participating Member States. The Agreement provides for the establishment of a Unified Patent Court as a court common to most Member States for disputes concerning European patents and European patents with unitary effect. In relation to European patents and European patents with unitary effect, exclusive competence for an extensive catalogue of disputes is to be conferred on the European Patent Court. This catalogue comprises primarily actions for patent infringements, disputes on the validity of patents and certain actions against decisions of the European Patent Office. The draft of the challenged Act of Approval was adopted unanimously by the Bundestag in the third reading but only by about 35 members of the Bundestag present. Neither was the presence of the required quorum determined, nor did the President of the Bundestag declare that the Act of Approval had been adopted by a qualified majority.
Key considerations of the Senate:
I. An act of approval to an international treaty that is supplementary to or otherwise closely tied to the European Union´s integration agenda (Integrationsprogramm) must be measured against Art. 23(1) of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz – GG). Insofar as such an act amends or supplements the Basic Law in substantive terms, or makes such amendments or supplements possible, it requires a two-thirds majority in the legislative bodies pursuant to Art. 23(1) third sentence in conjunction with Art. 79(2) GG. An obligation under international law, assumed in violation of these requirements, that exposes German citizens to the influence of a supranational public authority, violates their right equivalent to a fundamental right derived from Art. 38(1) first sentence and Art. 20(1) and (2) in conjunction with Art. 79(3) GG. In order to safeguard their rights to influence the process of European integration, citizens, in principle, can also claim that sovereign powers be conferred only in the ways provided for by the Basic Law in Art. 23(1) second and third sentence in conjunction with, Art. 79(2) GG (review of the formal aspects of conferral – formelle Ãœbertragungskontrolle). This is because competences conferred on another entity under international law are usually “lost” and cannot easily be regained by the legislator. However, without an effective conferral of sovereign powers, each subsequent measure issued by the EU or a supranational organisation would lack democratic legitimation. Furthermore, the substantive limits to the conferral of sovereign powers that follow from Art. 79(3) GG must always be adhered to.
II. Pursuant to these standards, Art. 1(1) first sentence of the Act of Approval violates the complainant’s right to democratic self-determination derived from Art. 38(1) first sentence, Art. 20(1) and (2) and Art. 79(3) in conjunction with Art. 23(1) third sentence and Art. 79(2) GG, as the Act of Approval was not passed by two thirds of the members of the Bundestag.
1. The Act of Approval confers judicial functions on a supranational court and sets out that this court has exclusive competence to decide on certain legal disputes. Additionally, the Agreement makes decisions and orders of the Unified Patent Court enforceable in any Contracting Member State.
2. The Agreement is supplementary to or otherwise closely tied to the European Union’s integration agenda (Integrationsprogramm) and effectively replaces provisions that did not achieve the majorities necessary to be adopted as EU law.
a) The direct primary law basis of the Agreement is Art. 262 TFEU. It provides for the conferral of jurisdiction on the CJEU in disputes relating to European intellectual property rights, provided there is a unanimous decision of the Council and ratification by the Member States. Until now, the political will has been lacking in this respect.
b) In addition, the Agreement is very closely enmeshed with secondary law enacted on the basis of Art. 118 TFEU. An essential part of the judicial functions of the Unified Patent Court will relate to rights and claims based on EU law the unitary effect of which can only be guaranteed by the provisions laid down in the Agreement. Furthermore, the Unified Patent Court is directly bound by EU law.
c) The Agreement was also pushed forward by EU organs. Since at least the turn of the millennium, the European Commission has insisted on the centralisation of judicial protection in this field. The European Parliament also strongly supported the “European Patent Package”.
The Agreement is open exclusively to EU Member States. The fact that not all EU Member States are also Contracting Member States does not call into question the particularly close ties to the  European Union’s integration agenda (Integrationsprogramm). On the contrary, it is expressly legitimated by the concept of enhanced cooperation and it underlines the close enmeshment with the institutional system of the EU.
3. The Act of Approval is subject to the requirements in Art. 23(1) third sentence in conjunction with Art. 79(2) GG, since it effectively amends the Constitution in substantive terms.
a) The Agreement relates to the Constitution and is a comparable regulation within the meaning of Art. 23(1) third sentence GG given that it contains a provision, which, in its function, is equivalent to an amendment of the Treaties pursuant to Art. 48 TEU. Effectively, the Agreement is an amendment or replacement of Art. 262 TFEU. In Art. 262 TFEU, the Treaty not only calls for a special legislative procedure and a unanimous decision of the Council, but also sets out that provisions conferring jurisdiction shall enter into force only after their approval by the Members States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements. Thus, Member States considered the creation of novel jurisdiction for the CJEU over industrial property law to be a severe interference with national jurisdiction and designed it as a process requiring ratification. The German legislature classified the process set out in Art. 262 TFEU as a special process of amending the Treaties. By way of the Agreement, the Contracting Members States changed the European Union’s integration agenda (Integrationsprogramm) of the Lisbon Treaty, factually removed the basis of the process provided for in Art. 262 TFEU and rendered a new, EU-inspired type of unified court system for industrial property possible. This is because the necessary unanimity could neither be achieved for the way outlined in the Treaties by Art. 262 TFEU nor for an amendment pursuant to Art. 48 TEU.
b) Regardless of the specific set-up of the patent court system, conferring judicial functions while superseding German courts results in a substantive amendment of the Basic Law within the meaning of Art. 23(1) third sentence GG. Pursuant to Art. 92 GG, judicial power in Germany is exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court, the federal courts and the courts of the Länder. Any conferral of judicial functions on international courts modifies this comprehensive allocation of jurisdiction and, in this respect, constitutes an amendment of the Constitution in substantive terms. The conferral not only affects the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Basic Law, given that German courts can no longer ensure the protection of these rights, but also the specific design of the separation of powers. A significant part of the Member States’ jurisdiction over private and administrative legal matters of economic significance is conferred to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Unified Patent Court by Art. 32 of the Agreement. Under the Agreement, the structure of the German court system set out in the Constitution is modified and supplemented by another court with its own hierarchy.
4. The Act of Approval had to be adopted by a qualified majority pursuant to Art. 79(2) GG. In view of the particular importance of the majority requirement for the integrity of the Constitution and the democratic legitimation of interferences with the constitutional order, a law cannot be enacted when it does not achieve this majority. Thus, the Bundestag did not effectively pass the Act of Approval. It is void
Dissenting Opinion of Justices König, Langenfeld and Maidowski
The “right to democracy” does not give rise to a right that formal requirements for the conferral of sovereign powers be adhered to, which can be relied on before the Federal Constitutional Court. This would lead to an extension of the right derived from Art. 38(1) first sentence GG that fails to recognise its substance and limits. There is no scope for a violation of the substance of the right to vote and be elected in a case that only concerns the failure to adhere to formal requirements for an act of approval. This is because this right shall now apparently also be affected in situations in which the Bundestag does indeed seek to establish democratic legitimation for a conferral of sovereign powers, which is permissible in principle, by way of legislation and in which the Bundestag thus performs its responsibility with respect to European integration (Integrationsverantwortung). When the “right to democracy” is extended to cover the adherence to formal requirements for an effective conferral of sovereign powers, it loses its specific substance, which aims to enable and safeguard democratic self-determination. Beyond ultra-vires situations, Art. 38(1) first sentence GG grants such a right only to the extent that an act affects democratic principles that, pursuant to Art. 79(3) GG, are even beyond the reach of the Constitution-amending legislature. Not adhering to the requirement of a majority capable of amending the constitution or other formal requirements when conferring sovereign powers is neither a previously recognised ultra-vires situation nor does it affect those foundations of the principle of democracy that cannot be changed. Consequently, allowing a conferral to be challenged on formal grounds completely blurs the scope of protection of Art. 38(1) first sentence GG in the context of European integration.
Furthermore, a review of the formal aspects of conferral could ultimately – and contrary to the intentions of the Second Senate’s majority – obstruct and narrow the political process in the context of European integration. It can be expected that this further extension of access to the Federal Constitutional Court in almost any case of conferral of jurisdiction within the scope of application of Art.  23(1) GG will prompt the Bundestag and the Bundesrat to seek a two-thirds majority in order to avoid the risk of a review of the formal aspects of conferral. Thus, it will factually become the rule that a two-thirds majority will be necessary not only for conferring additional sovereign powers on the EU, but also for establishing institutions under international law that have close ties to the EU. This is neither the Constitution-amending legislature’s intention nor is it necessary or beneficial for facilitating the democratic process, since decision-making with narrow majorities must also be possible. Granting broad access to the Federal Constitutional Court could prejudice the democratic process in the future and could, if not prevent, at least significantly delay further steps towards integration. The requirement of a two-thirds majority is extended significantly into an area that was previously covered by Art. 24(1) GG. According to this constitutional provision, only ordinary federal law is required for the conferral of sovereign powers. Permitting a review of the formal aspects of conferral opens up further areas to dispute before the Constitutional Court. This will result in the narrowing of Parliament’s necessary political leeway in the context of European integration and the protection of the democratic process intended by Art. 38(1) first sentence GG may thus be turned into its opposite.